Latency profile by ISP

Per geography, the top-5 ISPs. Each bar stacks the category mix: physical below the white line (0→1) and virtual/cloud above it (1→2, slightly lighter). Source: ndt.ndt7 min RTT.

Download throughput profile by ISP

Same layout. Mean download speed (ndt.ndt7 MeanThroughputMbps), physical 0→1 / cloud 1→2.

Packet-loss profile by ISP

Same layout. Loss rate (ndt.ndt7 LossRate), physical 0→1 / cloud 1→2.

Traceroute — AS-path length (Transit vs Cloud)

Per geography, adjacent Transit (blue) and Cloud (green) bars stack the AS-path-length mix (1–5+). The hatched (x) part of each segment is the share of those paths that cross an IXP. Source: ndt.scamper1 × hermes.unified_ip_to_as.